Suchergebnisse

Face aux changements climatiques et à l'aggravation des risques d'inondation, le discours sur la résilience territoriale s'intensifie. Il montre pourtant de nombreuses limites opérationnelles. Les projets urbains tendent au final à gommer les différences des aménagements urbains exposés à l'inondation. Lors de la mise en oeuvre de la résilience, les contraintes sont négociées et rabaissées pour construire une opération au plus proche des conditions classiques. La production urbaine en zone inondable tient compte a minima de l'inondation. Basé sur le cadre d'analyse des ressources de politiques publiques, l'article parlera de « faux-semblants » pour souligner l'incompréhension de départ qui affiche l'inondation comme une contrainte insurmontable, constituée de règles paralysantes et de surcoûts assurés, alors que les opérations en zone inondable disposent d'atouts. Peu de recherches interrogent les intérêts dits « privés » dans le rapport de force, alors que la logique de marché de la production urbaine tend in fine à atténuer les particularités en zone inondable.

Urbanisation by itself does not increase vulnerability, but cities concentrate activities, infrastructures and populations. Even if we consider controversies on the increase of frequency and severity of hazards -either natural, technological or environmental-,the growing interconnectedness in cities means that major disaster events can affect higher proportion of lives and livelihoods. The awareness of urban system vulnerability has risen in local public policies since 1990's. Today, representatives and public managers recognize the end of zero-risk society. They work on risk warning and crises management. In local context, the paper shows concretively how the concept of resilience draws the shift from risk reduction to risk mitigation. Organisation of safeguard in case of disasters, on a municipal level, are assigned to civil security policies. Although civil protection means of action were largely under-estimated during past twenty years in France, it is today responsible for resilience assessment and implementation

International audience ; À travers l'usage de la préemption prévu par les acteurs publics - services d'État et collectivités locales -, l'article montre les effets de la délimitation des périmètres des plans de prévention des risques technologiques (PPRT) sur la gouvernance territoriale et l'aménagement des territoires. Les intercommunalités proposent un nouvel agencement des ressources juridiques et budgétaires, mais aussi politiques et territoriales. Même si le cadre juridique est peu clarifié, l'utilisation anticipée de la préemption révèle de nouvelles formes de régulation locale entre l'État et les collectivités. La préemption questionne l'avenir de l'aménagement dans les interfaces entre ville et industries, ainsi que la relativité de l'appréhension du risque industriel à proximité des agglomérations.

International audience ; À travers l'usage de la préemption prévu par les acteurs publics - services d'État et collectivités locales -, l'article montre les effets de la délimitation des périmètres des plans de prévention des risques technologiques (PPRT) sur la gouvernance territoriale et l'aménagement des territoires. Les intercommunalités proposent un nouvel agencement des ressources juridiques et budgétaires, mais aussi politiques et territoriales. Même si le cadre juridique est peu clarifié, l'utilisation anticipée de la préemption révèle de nouvelles formes de régulation locale entre l'État et les collectivités. La préemption questionne l'avenir de l'aménagement dans les interfaces entre ville et industries, ainsi que la relativité de l'appréhension du risque industriel à proximité des agglomérations.

Urbanisation by itself does not increase vulnerability, but cities concentrate activities, infrastructures and populations. Even if we consider controversies on the increase of frequency and severity of hazards -either natural, technological or environmental-,the growing interconnectedness in cities means that major disaster events can affect higher proportion of lives and livelihoods. The awareness of urban system vulnerability has risen in local public policies since 1990's. Today, representatives and public managers recognize the end of zero-risk society. They work on risk warning and crises management. In local context, the paper shows concretively how the concept of resilience draws the shift from risk reduction to risk mitigation. Organisation of safeguard in case of disasters, on a municipal level, are assigned to civil security policies. Although civil protection means of action were largely under-estimated during past twenty years in France, it is today responsible for resilience assessment and implementation

International audience ; Le fonctionnement des échanges urbains en cas de risque majeur représente un enjeu récemment repris par la politique de sécurité civile en France. La mise en œuvre de nouveaux outils de secours et de sauvegarde interroge la définition des risques et du fonctionnement urbain. Le plan communal de sauvegarde (PCS), outil-phare de gestion opérationnelle, est étudié à travers trois exemples (Nantes, Lyon et Le Havre) en tant qu'objet technique véhiculant des modalités concrètes de protection en cas de danger, mais surtout en tant que vecteur de normes institutionnelles, politiques et territoriales. Si le souci d'opérationnalité du PCS justifie son utilisation pour toute panne du fonctionnement urbain, c'est aussi un moyen puissant pour promouvoir l'image d'une ville-système où le blocage des flux de biens, de services ou d'informations est considéré comme un risque majeur.

International audience ; Le fonctionnement des échanges urbains en cas de risque majeur représente un enjeu récemment repris par la politique de sécurité civile en France. La mise en œuvre de nouveaux outils de secours et de sauvegarde interroge la définition des risques et du fonctionnement urbain. Le plan communal de sauvegarde (PCS), outil-phare de gestion opérationnelle, est étudié à travers trois exemples (Nantes, Lyon et Le Havre) en tant qu'objet technique véhiculant des modalités concrètes de protection en cas de danger, mais surtout en tant que vecteur de normes institutionnelles, politiques et territoriales. Si le souci d'opérationnalité du PCS justifie son utilisation pour toute panne du fonctionnement urbain, c'est aussi un moyen puissant pour promouvoir l'image d'une ville-système où le blocage des flux de biens, de services ou d'informations est considéré comme un risque majeur.

Today, the need to reduce the rise of disasters in cities is a priority for European governments (United Nation Strategy for Disaster reduction, 2007). Natural or industrial hazard identification is improving thanks to the mobilisation of the scientific community and the recent political awareness. Indeed, in developed urbanised countries, and in addition in cities shown as nod of economical and informational urban network, the impacts of natural or industrial disasters also produce collective damages. The examples of three French cities (Lyon, Nantes and Le Havre) illustrate how the ends of urban public policies generate huge contradictions in risk reduction strategy. Furthermore, it also shows how urban development objectives can create "urban risks". I will explain my point by two outlines. First, risk is defined as social construction. Constructivism does not minimise effective disasters, but it explains the role of the historical urban settlement and the contemporary goals of local development. Secondly, both hazard identification and urban planning are described as a public policy. Drawing on theories of political agenda setting, hazard identification in urban planning is studied as a complex public policy hold by various stakeholders (either public than private) and crossed by different interests.

Today, the need to reduce the rise of disasters in cities is a priority for European governments (United Nation Strategy for Disaster reduction, 2007). Natural or industrial hazard identification is improving thanks to the mobilisation of the scientific community and the recent political awareness. Indeed, in developed urbanised countries, and in addition in cities shown as nod of economical and informational urban network, the impacts of natural or industrial disasters also produce collective damages. The examples of three French cities (Lyon, Nantes and Le Havre) illustrate how the ends of urban public policies generate huge contradictions in risk reduction strategy. Furthermore, it also shows how urban development objectives can create "urban risks". I will explain my point by two outlines. First, risk is defined as social construction. Constructivism does not minimise effective disasters, but it explains the role of the historical urban settlement and the contemporary goals of local development. Secondly, both hazard identification and urban planning are described as a public policy. Drawing on theories of political agenda setting, hazard identification in urban planning is studied as a complex public policy hold by various stakeholders (either public than private) and crossed by different interests.

Today, the need to reduce the rise of disasters in cities is a priority for European governments (United Nation Strategy for Disaster reduction, 2007). Natural or industrial hazard identification is improving thanks to the mobilisation of the scientific community and the recent political awareness. Indeed, in developed urbanised countries, and in addition in cities shown as nod of economical and informational urban network, the impacts of natural or industrial disasters also produce collective damages. The examples of three French cities (Lyon, Nantes and Le Havre) illustrate how the ends of urban public policies generate huge contradictions in risk reduction strategy. Furthermore, it also shows how urban development objectives can create "urban risks". I will explain my point by two outlines. First, risk is defined as social construction. Constructivism does not minimise effective disasters, but it explains the role of the historical urban settlement and the contemporary goals of local development. Secondly, both hazard identification and urban planning are described as a public policy. Drawing on theories of political agenda setting, hazard identification in urban planning is studied as a complex public policy hold by various stakeholders (either public than private) and crossed by different interests.

Today, the need to reduce the rise of disasters in cities is a priority for European governments (United Nation Strategy for Disaster reduction, 2007). Natural or industrial hazard identification is improving thanks to the mobilisation of the scientific community and the recent political awareness. Indeed, in developed urbanised countries, and in addition in cities shown as nod of economical and informational urban network, the impacts of natural or industrial disasters also produce collective damages. The examples of three French cities (Lyon, Nantes and Le Havre) illustrate how the ends of urban public policies generate huge contradictions in risk reduction strategy. Furthermore, it also shows how urban development objectives can create "urban risks". I will explain my point by two outlines. First, risk is defined as social construction. Constructivism does not minimise effective disasters, but it explains the role of the historical urban settlement and the contemporary goals of local development. Secondly, both hazard identification and urban planning are described as a public policy. Drawing on theories of political agenda setting, hazard identification in urban planning is studied as a complex public policy hold by various stakeholders (either public than private) and crossed by different interests.

This thesis is concerned with the conditions in which a territorial approach to the prevention and management of collective risks within city regions has emerged. This approach offers an endogenous definition of risks, linking them to the overall functioning of cities. With a focus on the role of technical and administrative officials, the thesis explores whether the formation of a territorial approach to risks leads to transformations in wider urban development policies The first section presents modes of the territorial definition of risks between 1960 and 2000, used by public officials aiming to justify and legitimate their roles within intercommunal institutions, such as the institutional enrolment of a public action at the level of the city region and the administrative structuring of a dedicated service. The second section analyses the conditions of its continuing importance in the public policy agenda between 2000 and 2006. Against all expectations, public officials found during this period neither an opening nor a foothold in planning policies for their actions. Nevertheless, they did find possibilities for maintaining its importance in the formation of a territorial approach to civil security. The thesis restores the administrative and political role of territorial agents to the core of analysis of public action and of evolving urban representations. Focusing on how the policy of risk prevention and management is framed by a set of technical and administrative discourses, the study retraces the hidden face of the political challenges associated with taking into account risks in wider urban development ; La thèse porte sur les conditions d'émergence d'une approche territoriale de prévention et de gestion des risques collectifs à l'échelle des agglomérations urbaines. Cette approche s'appuie une définition endogène et extensive du mot « risque », qui vise finalement à un fonctionnement sans incident des villes. Le suivi du parcours des agents administratifs, principaux porteurs de cette ambition dans les trois intercommunalités françaises étudiées (agglomérations de Nantes, de Lyon et du Havre), permet de mesurer la réception de cette approche dans la gouvernance locale et dans le développement des agglomérations urbaines. La première partie de la thèse, qui couvre les années 1960 à 2000, vise à montrer la lente légitimation d'une approche territoriale de prévention et de gestion des risques jusqu'à la structuration administrative de services dédiés. La seconde partie de la thèse, qui couvre les années 2000 à 2006, examine les conditions de leur maintien sur l'agenda. Contre toutes attentes, les agents publics ne réussissent pas à inscrire leur approche des risques dans les politiques d'urbanisme. Par contre, ils parviennent à la valoriser dans la politique locale de sécurité civile. Cette thèse met les agents territoriaux au cœur de l'analyse de l'action publique et de l'évolution des représentations urbaines. Mais c'est dans la confrontation de ces agents publics aux autres techniciens, communaux ou d'État, et surtout dans le rapport aux élus, que se révèlent les enjeux politiques de la prise en compte des risques dans le développement urbain

This thesis is concerned with the conditions in which a territorial approach to the prevention and management of collective risks within city regions has emerged. This approach offers an endogenous definition of risks, linking them to the overall functioning of cities. With a focus on the role of technical and administrative officials, the thesis explores whether the formation of a territorial approach to risks leads to transformations in wider urban development policies The first section presents modes of the territorial definition of risks between 1960 and 2000, used by public officials aiming to justify and legitimate their roles within intercommunal institutions, such as the institutional enrolment of a public action at the level of the city region and the administrative structuring of a dedicated service. The second section analyses the conditions of its continuing importance in the public policy agenda between 2000 and 2006. Against all expectations, public officials found during this period neither an opening nor a foothold in planning policies for their actions. Nevertheless, they did find possibilities for maintaining its importance in the formation of a territorial approach to civil security. The thesis restores the administrative and political role of territorial agents to the core of analysis of public action and of evolving urban representations. Focusing on how the policy of risk prevention and management is framed by a set of technical and administrative discourses, the study retraces the hidden face of the political challenges associated with taking into account risks in wider urban development ; La thèse porte sur les conditions d'émergence d'une approche territoriale de prévention et de gestion des risques collectifs à l'échelle des agglomérations urbaines. Cette approche s'appuie une définition endogène et extensive du mot « risque », qui vise finalement à un fonctionnement sans incident des villes. Le suivi du parcours des agents administratifs, principaux porteurs de cette ambition dans les trois intercommunalités françaises étudiées (agglomérations de Nantes, de Lyon et du Havre), permet de mesurer la réception de cette approche dans la gouvernance locale et dans le développement des agglomérations urbaines. La première partie de la thèse, qui couvre les années 1960 à 2000, vise à montrer la lente légitimation d'une approche territoriale de prévention et de gestion des risques jusqu'à la structuration administrative de services dédiés. La seconde partie de la thèse, qui couvre les années 2000 à 2006, examine les conditions de leur maintien sur l'agenda. Contre toutes attentes, les agents publics ne réussissent pas à inscrire leur approche des risques dans les politiques d'urbanisme. Par contre, ils parviennent à la valoriser dans la politique locale de sécurité civile. Cette thèse met les agents territoriaux au cœur de l'analyse de l'action publique et de l'évolution des représentations urbaines. Mais c'est dans la confrontation de ces agents publics aux autres techniciens, communaux ou d'État, et surtout dans le rapport aux élus, que se révèlent les enjeux politiques de la prise en compte des risques dans le développement urbain

This thesis is concerned with the conditions in which a territorial approach to the prevention and management of collective risks within city regions has emerged. This approach offers an endogenous definition of risks, linking them to the overall functioning of cities. With a focus on the role of technical and administrative officials, the thesis explores whether the formation of a territorial approach to risks leads to transformations in wider urban development policies The first section presents modes of the territorial definition of risks between 1960 and 2000, used by public officials aiming to justify and legitimate their roles within intercommunal institutions, such as the institutional enrolment of a public action at the level of the city region and the administrative structuring of a dedicated service. The second section analyses the conditions of its continuing importance in the public policy agenda between 2000 and 2006. Against all expectations, public officials found during this period neither an opening nor a foothold in planning policies for their actions. Nevertheless, they did find possibilities for maintaining its importance in the formation of a territorial approach to civil security. The thesis restores the administrative and political role of territorial agents to the core of analysis of public action and of evolving urban representations. Focusing on how the policy of risk prevention and management is framed by a set of technical and administrative discourses, the study retraces the hidden face of the political challenges associated with taking into account risks in wider urban development ; La thèse porte sur les conditions d'émergence d'une approche territoriale de prévention et de gestion des risques collectifs à l'échelle des agglomérations urbaines. Cette approche s'appuie une définition endogène et extensive du mot « risque », qui vise finalement à un fonctionnement sans incident des villes. Le suivi du parcours des agents administratifs, principaux porteurs de cette ambition dans les ...

Drawing on theories from social constructivism and political science, the argument of my paper, based on my ongoing PhD research, focuses on two points. How risks – defined using a territorial approach as the confrontation between possibilities of an accident and various stakes (social, economic, cultural, environmental or patrimonial) – are tolerated as part of a complex urban network system and fully integrated as a metropolitan policy. How risks management – defined as a cross-sector public policy integrating civil security, environmental or health policies – represents a space of political and administrative conflicts between traditional responsibilities of the Central State (civil security) and local professionalisation in the fields of environment management, economical development or urban planning.